Geothermal heat pump systems consist of the heat pump unit, the ground heat exchanger, and the air delivery system (ductwork). The heat exchanger has a system of pipes called a loop, which is buried in the ground near the building. Fluid will circulate within the heat exchanger system. The pump exchanger either takes the heat from the building and transfers it to the ground or absorbs the heat from the ground and uses it to warm the house. The main advantage of geothermal heat pumps is that they use the stable underground temperature to increase the efficiency and decrease the operational cost of the cooling and heating systems.

HEMS are devices that are installed in residential buildings to enable the provision of feedback on electricity consumption patterns and power consumption data for individual appliances. These systems perform pre-programmed functions, such as maintaining the temperature of houses. In addition, HEMS not only provide demandresponse prompts from utility loads but also provide data about loads generated by microgrids. The data generated are provided to users, wherein they can view their energy consumption patterns and compare them with historical data. This information can be used by consumers to make necessary changes in consumption patterns and enhance the energy efficiency of households.

An accumulator is a pressure storage reservoir, which can store a specific amount of fluid that is under pressure. This fluid is later released to perform a specific operation in the hydraulic system. Accumulators perform the following functions

The leak detection systems are used to identify leaks in plants, pipelines, and storage facilities in the oil and gas industry. The highly combustible nature of oil and gas products makes them necessary to closely monitor leakage and repair them immediately. These leaks can develop from high pressure, temperature, and corrosion conditions. The presence of hydrogen sulfide and water content in the crude oil and natural gas primarily causes corrosion in the pipelines. The leaks can develop through seal, gaskets, and valves. Both portable and fixed leak detection systems are used throughout the oil and gas industry.>

Fuel cells produce electricity by utilizing the power generated from electrochemical reactions. They use external sources of chemical energy such as hydrogen and oxygen to produce energy. Electrochemical reactions in the fuel cells oxidize hydrogen, which reacts with oxygen to form water and release electrons. The electrons then flow through the external circuit producing an electric current. All fuel cells are based on a standard design wherein two electrodes are separated by an electrolyte. The electrolyte carries electrically charged particles. A catalyst is used to speed up or accelerate the electrochemical reaction within the fuel cells. Fuel cells can be used in small devices that are powered by a few watts of electricity and also in large power plants that produce megawatts (MW) of electrical energy. Fuel cells are categorized by the nature of the electrolyte used in them.

为实现2020 年GDP 和城乡居民人均收入比2010 年翻一番的目标，2016年至2020 年中国经济年均增长底线是6.5%。根据细分子行业用电需求，我们预测2017-2020 年的全社会用电量增速有望分别为：6.5%、5.5%、5.4%和5.1%，全社会用电需求将稳步增长，电力行业的盈利能力将得到保障，利好优质电力企业。

10月电力需求增速放缓。10月全社会用电量5130亿千瓦时，同比增长5.0%，用电量增速同比回落2.0个百分点。10月用电量环比下降3.5%。前10月全社会用电量累计为52018亿千瓦时，同比增长6.7%。

2017 年光伏装机规模远超预期，分布式光伏全面提速；风电受高弃风率地区禁止新增项目等因素影响，装机规模低于年初预期；核电设备继续停摆。工控行业随制造业回暖走出2016 年低潮，预计全年行业增速在5%左右。

2013 年之后，光伏标杆上网电价多次下调，2016 年三类地区上网电价下调幅度最高达到 18.5%，而“自发自用”分布式度电补贴自 2013 年一直维持 0.42 元/kWh。

经历2016 年的查骗补、提补贴门槛后，2017 年行业最重要政策为双积分办法（新能源积分NEV 及燃油积分CAFC）的出台，办法的最大意义在于解决了财政手段逐渐退出后行业的内生驱动力问题。同时不排除未来补贴门槛继续提高，从而鼓励更高能量密度、更低电耗水平的新能源汽车，支持优秀车企及供应商。对于自主品牌，预计更多企业加入新能源车型市场投放，市场供给将全面激活；合资品牌方面，新能源积分压力迫使传统车型销量大的合资品牌企业全面转型。性价比提升、供给的丰富，将推动2018年整车销量实现快速增长。

十三五期间，中国天然气消费受益于经济发展、城市化推进、环保政策趋严等因素，我们预测天然气消费量增速高达 13%，略高于十二五。在政府强力推广天然气利用的背景下，上游资源尤为可贵。