Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins produced by the plasma cells of the body. They are also referred to as antibodies, which are formed in response to harmful antigens. There are various types of immunoglobulins based on the structure, namely, IgA, IgE, IgM, IgG, and IgD. Each immunoglobulin has a specific function in the body. IgG is the most common class of immunoglobulins found in almost all parts of the body. It accounts for almost 80% of the total immunoglobulin concentration of the body. It is responsible for providing protection against bacterial and other antigen invasions. Based on the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain of IgG structure, it is classified into four subclasses, namely, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4. IgG1 is the most abundant form of IgG, comprising almost 65% of the total IgG concentration.

Chatbots are computer programs that allow humans to interact and clear various queries relating to various topics, and thereby benefit from the technology. Humans send inputs via texts, messages, voices, and some other gestures to enable interaction with chatbots. Over the past decade, chatbots were employed only in providing customer service; in recent years, chatbots have evolved significantly and are penetrating numerous sectors. Many industries have realized the power of conversations and are thereby investing funds to increase the adoption of chatbots. The industries are exploring the major advantages that these chatbots can provide to their businesses; in this context, AI-driven chatbots are being widely popularized and different sectors are showing an interest in adopting them in their mainstream operations.

Medication errors and adverse drug events are significant public health concerns posing a threat to patient safety across the world. The use of technology is an important intervention in improving the management of medications, thereby reducing medication errors and adverse events and further improve patient safety. Latest medical technologies are aiding the development of new healthcare models that will benefit the healthcare sector and patients. New technologies can improve disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, facilitate patient safety, and improve health systems’ coordination, use of resources, and sustainability and reduce waiting time and errors. Rapid and reliable information and communication technologies (ICTs) have become vital components in improving the quality of health care. The use of technology in health has led to the development of medication management systems.

Technology plays a very important role in the healthcare and medical fields. Several technological equipment and devices such as digital thermometers, insulin pumps, smart inhaler pulse oximeters, blood glucose meters, wireless brain sensors have been designed for better healthcare. In the medical field, over 500,000 technological devices are being used in hospital settings and various other healthcare facilities. With growing technology in healthcare, there have been advancements in Internet of Things (IoT) and sensors that improve patient safety, information accuracy, and critical quality control. Healthcare technology has the potential to improve the use of sensors in the medical sector.

Immunotherapy, a non-traditional treatment, has become a prominent approach for treating many diseases, especially cancer, because it provides superior efficacy and safety. During this era of precision medicine and effective immunotherapies, the necessity for rapid and efficient antineoplastic development has never been greater. Biologics or biologic drugs are derived from living organisms and have proved to be a cure for several chronic conditions that were previously considered untreatable.

A membrane bioreactor works on an advanced wastewater treatment technology, which integrates membrane separation with biological wastewater treatment. It is a combination of a suspended growth biological treatment method and an activated sludge, including membrane filtration equipment, usually low-pressure ultrafiltration (UF) or microfiltration (MF) membranes. The membranes are used to execute the critical solid-liquid separation function. In activated sludge systems, this is usually achieved using tertiary and secondary clarifiers along with tertiary filtration. The two common types of membrane bioreactor systems are gravity-driven or vacuum and pressure-driven systems. Gravity-driven or vacuum bioreactors are immersed and usually use flat sheet or hollow fiber membranes installed in either the bioreactor or subsequent membrane tank. Pressure-driven systems are in-pipe cartridge systems situated on the exterior of the bioreactor.

Medical gloves are personal protective equipment (PPE) used to protect HCPs and/or patients from infection or illness during medical procedures and examinations. They are elements of infection-control strategy and are used when the user’s hands touch body fluids, including blood, respiratory secretions, vomit, urine or feces, certain hazardous drugs, or potentially contaminated items. Medical gloves are disposable and include both examination gloves and surgical gloves. Compared with examination gloves, surgical gloves offer better sizing with better precision and sensitivity and maintain a higher standard. Examination gloves are available as either sterile or non-sterile, while surgical gloves are generally sterile. Both surgical and examination gloves can also be used for handling chemotherapy agents for cancer treatment. 

The global weight loss and weight management diet market is analyzed on the basis of its prospects and future growth rate. The report highlights numerous factors that influence the growth of the global weight loss and weight management diet market. These include market forecast, drivers, restraints, opportunities, and role of key players operating in the market. The report highlights various product types, which include better for you, meal replacement, weight loss supplement, green tea, and low-calorie sweetener. The study further focuses on the revenue generated by weight loss and weight management diet products through various modes of operation such as hypermarket/supermarket and specialty stores. By nature, the market is studied across franchised and standalone. Furthermore, it includes revenue generated from the sales of weight loss and weight management diet products across North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and LAMEA.

Home healthcare is providing professional medical care to patients who are suffering from chronic care, recovering from an injury or surgery, or patients who struggle to live independently because of their age or because of any physical or mental disability. Earlier, home healthcare provided skilled nursing services, physical or occupational therapies, speech-language therapies, and other rehabilitation services. In the US, homecare services for the elderly were added to Medicare, Medicaid, and Old Age Assistance Act facility in the 1960s, thus making the concept popular. But it was limited only to post-discharge patients recovering from an acute illness. It later grew as a separate branch of healthcare. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in 2016, the US had more than 12 thousand home care agencies in the market.

我国现行医疗保障制度下，医保经办机构通过与定点医药机构签订和履行协议来为参保人提供医保服务，各统筹地区通过强化协议管理落实基本医疗保险制度各项政策规定，促使定点医药机构规范医药服务行为，依法、合理使用医疗保障基金，实现参保人员的基本医疗保障权益。当前医保服务协议中体现行政优益权的条款居多，体现合同性的条款偏少，这在持续保持打击欺诈骗保高压态势的背景下具有合理性。2020年3月，最高人民法院复函国家医疗保障局，明确医保管理服务协议属于行政协议，作为行政协议的医保服务协议管理，未来仍应继续探索行政法律属性和民事法律属性之间的边界，实现与医保行政监管之间的合理分工和有机衔接，做到不越位不缺位。

本文基于2019～2020年国家医保局针对医保基金监管开展飞行检查和专项检查的相关数据，对定点医药机构医保基金使用违法违规行为查处的情况进行了统计分析，基于2019～2021年“曝光台”披露的68个查处案例对违法违规使用医保基金行为查处情况的演变特征进行了总结。在分析违法违规行为动机的基础上，进一步从基金监管法制化建设、基金监管方式创新、医疗服务供应体系发展、深化支付方式改革等视角，深入剖析违法违规行为查处演变的原因，并从医疗机构管理体制、行政部门协同、处罚措施效力等方面分析了违法违规行为查处的障碍。最后，通过对医保基金监管的发展趋势进行研判，提出完善定点医药机构违法违规使用医保基金行为查处的相关政策建议。

结合国家医疗保障局公布的典型案例和工作实践，在梳理和总结各类医保欺诈骗保的基础上，按照不同的行为主体分析其实施欺诈骗保的形式及行为特点；从构成欺诈骗保的四个要件，对常见欺诈骗保的行为进行分析和认定；围绕新形势下打击欺诈骗保面临的困境，提出对策建议，为进一步加大对欺诈骗保的打击力度，提高医保监管执法水平提供参考。

目的：为药品网络交易治理模式的相关研究和政策制定提供参考。方法：基于敏捷治理理念与药品网络交易的高度嵌合，分析现有药品网络交易模式的治理困境，从治理目标、治理工具、治理主体等3个角度提炼药品网络交易治理的优化路径。结果与结论：药品网络交易特有的复杂性和创新性为监管部门带来了诸多挑战，既表现为治理目标和治理工具上的难以选择，也表现为多元主体的加入打破了传统的单一监管模式。为进一步优化药品网络交易治理，有必要秉承敏捷治理理念，以更加积极的姿态介入市场，追求安全和效率的平衡；以更具弹性的工具应对风险，实现包容和审慎的统一；以更为多元的主体参与治理，形成政府、企业、社会共同发力的格局。

中央关于深化医保制度改革的一系列新决策，特别是《医疗保障基金使用监督管理条例》的颁布实施展现了我国医保基金安全防控前所未有的新形势，但要实现健全严密有力的基金监管机制改革目标还需要做大量工作。应在直面医保制度固有属性、基金使用主体道德风险、人口老龄化、新技术、监管体系不完善、监管能力不足等诸多挑战的基础上，采取推进责任体系建设、制度体系改革和完善保障措施等手段，加快建设基金安全防控新机制。