Petroleum exploration is primarily concerned with the geological interpretation of geophysical data. Geophysical data is usually gathered through geophysical methods by petroleum geologists to identify the presence of an active hydrocarbon system in various geologies. There are three main geophysical methods used in petroleum exploration: magnetic surveying, gravity surveying, and seismic surveying. Seismic survey is a vital part of exploring oil and gas. This method is based on the analysis of elastic waves generated in the Earth by artificial means. The elastic waves produced during sudden disturbance is called a seismic wave. A seismic source, such as underground dynamite or air gun, is used to generate seismic waves, sensed by receivers deployed, along with a preset geometry (called receiver array or geophones), and then recorded by a digital device called seismograph and the record obtained is known as seismogram. Based on a common propagation mechanism used in a seismic survey, seismic waves are grouped primarily into direct, reflected, refracted, and surface waves.

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