为促进光伏产业健康发展，加强光伏发电并网运营监管，国家能源局12月9日发布《光伏发电运营监管暂行办法》（简称《办法》），对适用范围、监管机构、监管内容、监管措施等进行了明确规定。

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Biofuels are produced from biomass and waste materials. There are different forms of biofuel, namely fuel pellets (solid), bioethanol and biodiesel (liquid), and biogas (gaseous). Fermentation is the most widely used method for producing biofuel; however, other methods are also used to produce biofuel. Algae biofuels are made by using algae as a feedstock. The various algae biofuel technologies are: cultivation technologies, harvesting technologies, extraction technologies, and algae biofuel production facilities.

The realization of the direct relationship between energy prices and economic development provides new opportunities for energy management to encourage business and industrial development in an urban economy. One such opportunity is the concept of an energy park, defined as a site for industrial, commercial and residential uses which can share common energy production facilities or otherwise stabilize energy supplies and costs using a variety of approaches. These approaches may be directed toward the development of new energy sources, improved energy conversion technologies or advanced conservation practices, with any approach complemented by energy-efficient site plan layouts. The Kansas City Energy Park project described in this report evaluated the potential for energy management technologies to attract business and industrial development within a well-designed energy park. The process for the project included: an assessment of Kansas City's resources and needs from a general economic development perspective and in relation to the development of one or more energy parks; the identification of sites, technologies, and business and industrial categories most appropriate for consideration for potential energy park development; the development of specific strategy options and planning guidelines for an energy park in Kansas City; and the formulation of a preliminary implementation plan for further action.

A collection of magazine articles which focus on the subject of solar energy is presented in this booklet. This is the third of a four part series of the Solar Energy Reader books. The articles provide brief discussions on the variousapplications of solar energy including: heat, photovoltaics; wind, hydro, and biomass. A glossary of terms is included. (BCS)

The constraints on penetration of energy technologies are time and information, net energy, and capital cost. As D. Spreng (ORAU/IEA-78-22(R)) has pointed out, time, energy, and information constitute a triad: energy can be substituted for time, information can be substituted for energy. That energy can save time follows from irreversible thermodynamics, but the principle can be extended to the social sphere. Related to the energy/time exchange is the economic cost of intermittency of energy supply. Renewable energy sources, particularly solar sources, are characteristically intermittent. To eliminate intermittency imposes a cost that must be considered in planning energy futures based on renewable sources. Two other constraints on penetration of energy technologies - net energy and capital cost - are briefly considered. As for net energy, estimates of energy paybacks for solar thermal electric converters differ by factors of three; this introduces large uncertainties in the energy subsidy required for this technology. As for capital cost, the Peterka theory of technological change is shown to place limits on the amount of subsidy required to introduce a new energy technology

Thermoelectric and solar power generation are two promising alternative energy  solutions for the military. Power generation devices based on these two technologies aid the military by lightening soldiers' loads and allowing them to  carry fewer batteries and more equipment. Since these technologies use renewable  energy sources, Soldiers are also spared the nuisance of having to constantly  resupply. Thermoelectric power generates electricity from any adventitious  source of heat, while solar cells employ sunlight to do the same. Both  technologies are currently subject to extensive research to improve efficiency,  utility, and cost. Although they both operate on renewable energy sources, each  technology functions at a different temperature range. Thermoelectric devices  run on low temperatures, generally below 1000 K, while solar cells require  temperatures equivalent to those of the sun. Thermoelectric and solar power  generators complement each other since they are capable of producing electricity  from disparate sources. Solar produces highly efficient power during daytime but fails in darkness. Thermoelectrics can produce electricity with lower efficiency  but dramatically more sources of heat are available for thermoelectric power generation, enabling full diurnal operation. This report discusses measurements  of the properties and efficiency of a thermoelectric device and a solar cell.

The complete annual report for 1977 gives information on supported projects in the Program for Energy Research and Technologies, 1977--1980 of the Federal Government excluding projects relating to nuclear energy and fusion research; it is broken down into three subprograms: (1) efficient use of energy in application and in secondary energy; (2) coal and other fossil sources of primary energy; (3) new sources of energy. This document presents only subprogram (3), new sources of energy, as excerpted from the overall annual report, namely: development of new energy sources (solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy) through ascertaining energy availability and its regional distribution; development of technologies for use and conversion; and demonstration of technical and economic feasibility. Ninety-four projects are described, including objectives, funding, and status. Additional information on the projects is included in appendix.

Solar energy has become a major alternative for supplying a substantial fraction of the nation's future energy needs. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) supports activities ranging from the demonstration of existing technology to research on future possibilities. At Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL), projects are in progress that span a wide range of activities, with the emphasis on research to extend the scientific basis for solar energy applications, and on preliminary development of new approaches to solar energy conversion.

In 2008, wind energy enjoyed another record-breaking year of industry growth. By installing 8,358 megawatts (MW) of new generation during the year, the U.S. wind energy industry took the lead in global installed wind energy capacity with a total of 25,170 MW. According to initial estimates, the new wind projects completed in 2008 account for about 40of all new U.S. power-producing capacity added last year. The wind energy industrys rapid expansion in 2008 demonstrates the potential for wind energy to play a major role in supplying our nation with clean, inexhaustible, domestically produced energy while bolstering our nations economy. To explore the possibilities of increasing winds role in our national energy mix, government and industry representatives formed a collaborative to evaluate a scenario in which wind energy supplies 20of U.S. electricity by 2030. In July 2008, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) published the results of that evaluation in a report entitled 20Wind Energy by 2030: Increasing Wind Energys Contribution to U.S. Electricity Supply. According to the report, the United States has more than 8,000 gigawatts (GW ) of available land-based wind resources that could be captured economically. In the early release of its Annual Energy Outlook 2009, the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that U.S. electricity consumption will grow from 3,903 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) in 2007 to 4,902 billion kWh in 2030, increasing at an average annual rate of 1. To meet 20of that demand, U.S. wind power capacity would have to reach more than 300 GW (300,000 MW). This growth represents an increase of more than 275 GW within 21 years. Although achieving 20wind energy will have significant economic, environmental, and energy security benefits, to make it happen the industry must overcome significant challenges.

A conceptual definition and performance evaluation of a 100 megawatt (MW) hybrid  photovoltaic/thermal electric power plant has been carried out. The concept  utilizes the ability of gallium arsenide photovoltaic cells to achieve high  conversion efficiency at high incident fluxes and elevated temperatures. Solar  energy is focused by a field of steerable mirrors (heliostats) onto a tower  mounted receiver whose outer surface is covered with gallium arsenide  (AlGaAs/GaAs) solar cells and whose inner surface is a water boiler. The solar  cells convert a fraction of the incident radiation into electrical energy, and  the remaining energy is extracted at approximately 200 exp 0 C and used to power  a Rankine cycle turbine generator (bottoming cycle). Water is used as the solar  cell array coolant, as the thermodynamic working fluid, and as the thermal energy storage medium. Parametric studies were conducted to select conceptual  design parameters and operational characteristics which imply the lowest  levelized busbar electric energy costs. Parameters varied were collector area, condenser surface area, fan power, ambient temperature, and electric and thermal energy storage capacities. The report describes the concept, outlines the design analysis method, summarizes the parametric study results, and defines the selected plant configuration. The lowest levelized busbar electric energy generation cost, 70 mills/kilowatt-hr., was achieved with a relatively small collector area, 0.8 x 10 exp 6 square meters, and no stored energy. A rough comparison of this combined power plant with a similar photovoltaic plant, operated at lower solar cell temperature and with no bottoming cycle, showed the busbar cost of electricity (BBEC) from the combined system to be approximately 9lower. (ERA citation 06:007196)