从 2018 年下半年开始，国家和各地政府为了达到降低一般工商业电价的目标，花费了大量的人力物力对转供电主体不规范行为进行了检查和清理。凭心而论，价格、经信、市场监督以及能源部门的管理者付出了巨大的劳动。

8 月 6 日，国家发改委官网发布国家发展改革委、河北省人民政府关于印发《张家口首都水源涵养功能区和生态环境支撑区建设规划（2019－2035 年）》（以下简称“两区规划”）（发改地区〔2019〕1252 号）的通知。

However, lack of skilled personnel, lack of awareness among stakeholders, lack of finance and non-standardized guidelines have served as a key impediment hindering the growth of the market. • Among the EMS types, Industrial Energy Management Systems (IEMS) accounted for the largest share owing to the complexity in fetching and using energy optimally in industrial sector. While, Residential or Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS) are expected to witness the fastest growth rate over the forecast period.

The Indonesian power sector has been open to foreign investors since 2009 and private producers can sell their production directly to consumers such as industries and distribution companies. The reform ended the monopoly of the state-owned power energy company PLN and was aimed at bringing more competition to the sector. However, as of 2018, PLN controls about 70% of all power generation and owns and manages Indonesia’s transmission and distribution networks. Two of the biggest IPPs in Indonesia are Jawa Power and Paiton Energy, in which large international companies hold stakes, notably Siemens and Mitsui. The role of the IPPs is expected to increase gradually, as they will be responsible for the greater part of the 56 GW of generation capacity planned to be connected to the grid by 2027 under RUPTL 2018.

The energy sector has certain limitations, including high administration and transmission costs mainly, due to the centralized functioning of the sector. As blockchain addresses these issues and decreases the scope for single point failures and increases transparency across the supply chain, the technology is expected to be a noteworthy digital transformation for the sector. The blockchain technology, which has greatly benefitted the financial sector, finds applications in the energy sector predominantly for wholesale energy trading. However, the increasing number of use cases and efforts from the regional blockchain associations are promoting the adoption of the technology for various other applications like smart contracts and digital identification.

The level of competition in the electric power sector varies across segments. In electricity generation and distribution, there are virtually five companies dominating the market. In fact, their market shares have increased since 2012, due to organic expansion and takeovers of assets of foreign players exiting the Polish market. On the other hand, the competition in the electricity trade segment has been boosted by the liberalisation of the segment in 2007. Since that year, consumers have been free to choose their electricity supplier. By end-October 2018, a total of 596,977 households and 199,957 corporate clients had exercised the right to change their electricity seller.

The availability of a wide range of lighting products at competitive prices, and the increasing demand for energy efficient lighting systems across various industrial sectors are driving the market growth. Industrial operators are often faced by challenges of maintenance costs, due to heat losses of the traditional and most common lighting fixtures in commercial and industrial settings, i.e., fluorescent and high-intensity discharge (HID) lights. LED lights that offer greater energy and cost savings, as well as low maintenance cost, have been witnessing high demand, since the past few years.

The Malaysian power sector is divided into three sub-markets, namely Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, and Sarawak, where TNB, SESB, and SEB are the main utilities respectively. The power generation subsector is based on a single buyer model with IPPs, while transmission and distribution is quasimonopolised by the three main utilities. The government has taken steps to increase market competition, e.g. through competitive bidding for new power plants, ring-fenced single buyers, and the New Enhanced Dispatch Arrangement. In an interview with The Edge in November 2018, MESTECC Minister Yeo Bee Yin said that MyPower was in the midst of drawing up a roadmap to reform the sector. While the previous government had awarded power plant projects through direct negotiation despite having introduced competitive bidding in 2011, MESTECC Minister Yeo Bee Yin has reiterated that all future power plant projects will only be awarded through an open tender.

政策发力，助推天然气管网建设。随着大气污染防治工作的持续推进，重点地区天然气替代步伐加快；同时城镇化带动用气人口快速增加，需求层次不断提升。国家持续推进天然气管网建设，扩大管网规模和覆盖范围。2014 年起，相继出台《能源发展战略行动计划（2014-2020年）》、《天然气发展“十三五”规划》、《中长期油气管网规划》等政策，加快我国天然气管网建设进程。