雷达自20世纪初出现以来，经过百余年的发展，大致经历了四个主要发展阶段：早期雷达、二战期间雷达大发展、五六十年代期间、新技术条件推动雷达日新月异。

Epitaxy is a method used to lay or grow a single crystalline film or layer over a crystalline-based semiconductor substrate or surface. The deposited substance must have a definite acclimatization with regard to the crystal-based semiconductor substrate. Chip manufacturers use either vapor- or molten-based foundations to develop such epitaxial overlayers.

Chains and sprockets are used in various types of machinery to transmit energy and perform vital tasks during operation. The chains consist of interconnected links that mesh with the teeth of a sprocket. There are many types of chains and sprockets, such as the roller and engineering steel chains and sprockets used in the mining, agriculture, construction, material handling, and automotive industries.

Water treatment is the practice of returning used or polluted water to its natural state and making it suitable for applications. This practice consists of using methods that remove unwanted elements such as solids, algae, bacteria, organic, and inorganic compounds. Sedimentation and filtration remove unwanted solids. Bacterial digestion removes harmful pollutants in the water. This recycling process of wastewater into usable forms requires equipment for treatment.

Abrasives are materials that are used to grind, abrade, or clean workpieces to give desired shape and finish. They are of different types, but can be broadly classified into bonded, coated, loose abrasive grains, super abrasives, and others. The basic raw materials used to make abrasives are ceramics, diamonds, and naturally occurring elements. Abrasives are used for polishing surfaces, buffing, honing, and sanding.

Semiconductor coolers create a heat flux between the junction of two kinds of materials using the Peltier effect. A Peltier heater, cooler, or thermoelectric heat pump uses electric energy to transfer heat from one side of the device to the other, following the direction of the current, which is passed through the device. It can be used as a temperature controller, mainly for the cooling purpose, as well as a thermoelectric generator.

A seal is used to control leakage of liquids or gases in the automotive, manufacturing, aerospace, electrical and electronics and petrochemical industries. Seals help in reducing problems associated with pollution due to leakage of contaminants, corrosion, and fatigue, which can destroy equipment leading to reduction of efficiency; increase in cost; and product loss. Following two types of seals are available in the market

Diabetes eye diseases consist of a group of eye-related conditions that affect individuals with diabetes. The conditions include diabetic macular edema (DME), diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataract. Diabetes is the leading cause of eye diseases and can cause severe vision loss or blindness. These eye diseases are widely treated with laser surgery.

An inertial navigation system (INS) helps in determining the position, orientation, and velocity of a moving object. It consists of an inertial measurement unit (IMU), such as an accelerometer (measures linear acceleration) and gyroscope (measures angular velocity), which tracks the position of the object. INS is widely used in commercial aviation (in aircraft), defense (ground vehicles, missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles, and aircraft), naval (ships and submarines), and space research (spacecraft).

Since 2012, technological innovations have improved image resolution, increased energy efficiency, and decreased space constraints with the development of portable Pico projectors. The emergence of light projectors has ensured that even small portal projectors can display images and videos with increased clarity. Further, embedded Pico projectors are likely to dominate the Pico projector segment owing to the growing demand for flexible devices, which consume less space and are priced low. Embedded Pico projectors are becoming an important platform for augmented reality, the latest technology in electronic devices.

Particle size analysis is a technique that helps in determining the size of particles present in materials such as liquid and powder. The functionality of the material is critical to the size of the particle, and therefore thorough characterization of the material must be carried out. This analysis is largely carried out by players in industries such as healthcare, mining, agriculture, food and beverage, and chemical to determine the behavior and nature of materials and their efficient functioning, performance, and stability.

OR equipment, also termed as capital equipment, is a crucial part of the healthcare infrastructure and is a major source of revenue for any healthcare institution. The adoption of innovative and advanced OR equipment has increased to facilitate the effective management of surgeries. Integrated ORs are designed to reduce complexities in surgeries, leading to a rise in the number of minimally invasive (MI) surgeries and a spur in the development and advancement of OR integration system.

The global occupancy sensor market was valued at $2.07 billion in 2015. The market is expected to grow to $3.64 billion by 2020 at a CAGR of 11.99% during the forecast period. The key vendors in the market include Acuity Brands, General Electric, Legrand, and Schneider Electric. They are engaged in stiff competition by offering cutting-edge products to consumers in the residential and commercial, industrial manufacturing, smart home, automotive, and others segments.

Sensors are devices that sense, detect or respond to a signal or a physical condition. There are different types of sensors that are made for various purposes such as temperature sensors, monitor sensors, and pressure sensors. Motion sensors are used to detect the motion of the physical movements and are used in various applications. Motion sensors are integrated in consumer electronics such as mobile phones and tablets, gaming consoles, laptops, PMPs, and cameras. The sensors discussed in the report are built on MEMS technology.

Military robots are autonomous or remote-controlled mobile machines designed for military applications. Some of them are currently in use and many are in their development phase. They have a number of advantages, the major one being their capability to perform hazardous tasks; thus, avoiding casualties. Globally, 87 countries have developed military robots and deployed them in the battlefield. With technological advancements and upgrades, they would become more reliable and efficient. Growing extremist and encroachment activities have resulted in increasing investments by several governments and defense authorities to procure and develop military robots to compensate for the military downsizing.

Self-care medical devices are small portable electronic devices that measure and guide various parameters of a patient to maintain good health. These are used mostly by individual users and are also used in hospitals and other clinical settings.

A neurostimulation system, also known as a neurostimulator, provides therapeutic activation or modulation in the nervous system at targeted anatomical sites. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) system, a type of neurostimulator, generates electrical stimulation to the targeted areas of the brain and regulates the electrical signals that are generated by the diseased brain cells and neurons.

Laboratory shakers are devices that are used in chemistry and biology laboratories to mix or stir liquid samples or solutions. A typical laboratory shaker consists of a base that contains an electric motor and a table board above it that oscillates with the help of the motor, and mixes the sample. The samples to be mixed or stirred are stored in beakers, jar, test tubes, or vials and placed on the table board. Laboratory shakers can accommodate a great range of sample sizes, from a few microliters to several liters.

Dental diagnostic and surgical equipment are used for the diagnosis and treatment of dental problems such as gingivitis, tooth decay, dental caries, periodontitis, injury, and other forms of oral cancers. Dental problems and oral diseases have been on the rise globally and have thus facilitated the increase in the use of dental diagnostic and surgical equipment for treatment and care. Advances in diagnostic and surgical equipment have improved the quality of care offered to patients. Dental imaging and surgical devices can also be customized according the specific needs and features. The 3D imaging and laser technologies are gaining popularity as they minimize pain and ensure fast recovery.

Handling equipment is used in the transportation and storage of materials and assemblies. Material handling activities start from the unloading of goods to the transfer of these goods into storage, assembly, packaging, and finally loading for transportation. Handling equipment must be designed based on the various stages of production. Lifting activities consider factors such as lift radius, machine capacity at a given range, wind speed, and ground conditions. Lifting equipment has developed in terms of carrying capacity. Advanced equipment can perform complicated tasks with relative ease of movement, especially when compared to the traditional handling and lifting equipment.

The semiconductor equipment industry is an important part of the overall semiconductor market, with semiconductor chip makers investing 20% of their sales in manufacturing equipment. The equipment manufacturing companies are leading the development of most core process technologies in the semiconductor market. The semiconductor production equipment industry is divided into front-end and back-end process equipment.