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捷克石油和天然气报告 - 2018年第四季度
The Ministry of Industry and Trade is the central state agency that deals with policy regarding the use of mineral resources, energy,
gas, mining, crude oil and trade. The Ministry of the Environment enforces environmental laws in the mining sector and has the right
to revoke exploration and mining leases if laws are violated.
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克罗地亚石油和天然气报告 - 2018年第四季度
Croatia approved a legal framework for the exploration of oil and the production of oil and gas in 2013. The Hydrocarbons
Exploration and Production Act (ZIEU) framework was aligned with EU oil and gas regulations. An updated Hydrocarbons Law was
approved in 2018. The Mining Act (ZR), which also came into effect in 2013, is another key regulatory framework governing the oil
and gas sector.
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中国石油天然气报告 - 2018年第四季度
As part of a broader energy sector reform to boost the competitiveness and efficiency of the domestic oil & gas sector longdominated
by large state-owned enterprises (SOEs), Beijing is gradually opening up the sector to more private and foreign
participation. The pace of reforms to date has been carefully managed. Despite calling for broader SOE reforms in the 13th Five-Year
Plan, the government has since campaigned for a bigger, better and stronger SOEs, and in certain instances, have introduced
policies derailing private sector growth.
A case in point is the domestic refining sector. After being allowed to grow rampantly over much of 2015-2016, the country's
independent teapot refineries are coming under increasingly government scrutiny amid allegations of tax evasion and the need to
comply with stricter environmental regulations. Although they retain the option to import crude directly from international
suppliers, the teapots remain banned from exporting surplus fuels, which leave many of these players largely at the mercy of the
health of the overall economy and fuels demand.
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乍得石油和天然气报告 - 2018年第4季度
A high degree of government intervention and an opaque business environment will erode Chad's attractiveness to
foreign investors. Despite this, the 2010 production sharing agreements are reasonable in their proposals and clear in their
framework.
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文莱石油和天然气报告 - 2018年第四季度
Brunei has plans to expand exploration and production in the upstream sector. For the downstream sector, the new refinery and
petrochemical complex at Pulau Muara Besar will support the further diversification of Brunei's economy from crude oil exports,
creating new revenue streams from more specialised products.
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智利电力报告 - 2018年第四季度
Chile privatised its electricity sector in the 1980s, and all generation, transmission and distribution activity is now in private hands.
The National Energy Commission (Comisión Nacional de Energía, CNE) is largely responsible for the state regulation of the power
sector, along with the Ministry of Energy.
The government agencies in charge of governing and regulating Chile's electricity sector include:
The National Energy Commission (CNE), which is in charge of devising the long-term development strategy for the power sector
and determining the tariffs for the market's regulated clients. As per a law implemented at the end of January 2015, power purchase
agreements (PPAs) to supply electricity to Chilean distributors (the regulated market) are auctioned by the CNE rather than by the
distributors themselves. This means that the government is now responsible for the results of the long-term energy auctions, while
distributors have only an administrative role.
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智利采矿业报告(2018-2019年)
In 2017, Chile was the world’s leading copper mine producer with a 27.2% share in global output, the
second-biggest molybdenum mine producer with 20.4%, and the sixth-largest producer of silver, with
5.3%. The country also ranked first in the production of iodine with a 64.5% global share, second in
lithium compounds with 32.8%, and eighth in potassium compounds with 2.8%. Mining is the thirdlargest
economic sector in Chile, accounting for 10.1% of the country’s GDP, 2.6% of formal
employment and 55.4% of national exports. Since late 2016, an upward trend in the prices of iron,
molybdenum, coal, copper and lithium, has propelled a recovery of domestic mining production and
exports, and led to the resumption of several investment projects. Mining exports rose by a robust
24.7% y/y in 2017, while the sector’s trade surplus widened to USD 36.9bn.