Distribution voltage regulators are incorporated into a T&D network by electric utility companies. Voltage levels of the power supplied by these companies undergo numerous fluctuation levels depending on the following factors: Location of the consumer along a distribution line Seasonal and local variations in load factor Distance from voltage regulator equipment Distance from customers that consume large amounts of electric power.

Switchgears are designed to protect, control, and isolate electrical T&D networks, substations, and other electrical equipment. High voltage switchgears, used in power utilities, are installed in high voltage substations. These switchgears are classified as AIS and GIS. Switchgears may be defined as a logical combination of.

Motors are widely used across industry verticals to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. Motors are used for applications such as industrial pumps, machine tools, power tools, and household appliances. They can be classified in terms of their power consumption and their mode of operation. For this report, Technavio has considered low-voltage motors that require 690 volts or less to operate. These motors are used predominantly in the HVAC, food and beverage, oil and gas, and mining industries.

Energy-harvesting devices convert ambient energy from the natural environment — such as solar, wind, tidal, and chemical energy — into electrical energy. During the energy-harvesting process, a transducer converts the ambient energy into a small amount of electrical energy that can be used for low-power applications. Energy-harvesting devices allow electronic products to work as contactless charging devices, which make the products highly efficient and reliable for end-users. Energy harvesters discussed in this report include wireless sensor nodes, wristwatches, and solar-plated mobile phones.

A power cable is an insulated strand of wires that is used to transmit electricity at variable voltage levels. Power cables are mainly used in overhead lines, buildings, and underground wiring applications. They are available in various sizes and shapes according to the requirements of the telecommunications, electrical equipment, construction, and motor vehicle industries. Power cables can be classified into four broad categories depending on their operating voltage applications: low voltage, medium voltage, high-voltage, and extra-high-voltage.

With advances in technology taking place in every field, there is a growing trend of employing high-end, critical devices in systems. These electrically enabled critical devices need protection from instances of overvoltage and overcurrent in order to avoid hazards. There is therefore a growing need for circuit protection systems, which drives the market to a large extent.

提出了一种新的适用于燃气轮机燃烧过程中污染物生成预测的化学反应机理,包含25种组分,75个基元反应.在激波管和预混燃烧条件下对该化学反应机理的着火延迟时间、火焰速度及反应物、主要中间产物及污染物生成特性进行了预测.结果表明,新机理预测结果与相关实验值及详细机理预测结果吻合较好,为化学反应动力学模型与多维CFD模型耦合计算燃烧和排放特性提供了可行途径.对燃气轮机燃烧室化学网络模型的分析结果表明,在贫燃预混燃烧条件下,Zeldovich与N2O生成机理在NO的形成过程中起主导作用。

针对150~400℃太阳能有机朗肯循环(ORC)发电系统,选取R245fa、正戊烷、环己烷、甲苯、十二烷、癸烷、D4和MDM8种工质,根据热力学第一定律,进行不同工况条件下太阳能带回热ORC系统的性能计算,并从工质蒸发压力、工质蒸发温度以及汽轮机进出口压力比3方面进行循环性能分析.结果表明:固定蒸发温度时,除R245fa和环己烷外,所有工质带回热的ORC效率随蒸发压力提高持续减小;提高工质蒸发温度和压比有利于提高所有工质循环效率;R245fa和正戊烷适用于200℃以下带回热ORC,其余工质更适用于200℃以上带回热ORC。

对某燃气G蒸汽联合循环机组的联合循环协调控制策略特点进行了分析,以为该类机组协调控制系统设计提供原则和依据.结果表明:联合循环机组对负荷指令的快速响应应由燃气轮机(燃机)实现,蒸汽轮机仅随燃机排气参数的变化应做相应的负荷改变;协调控制方式投入时,燃机负荷控制器仍应置于燃机侧控制回路,协调控制仅提供负荷设定值;主蒸汽压力由蒸汽轮机调节阀和旁路系统共同控制;可由燃机负荷控制回路独立实现一次调频的功率和燃料量修正;为了满足余热锅炉、汽轮机应力裕度要求,协调控制应对燃机排气温度设定进行干预调节;压气机进口导叶(IGV)在可调范围内时,对于排气温度的控制IGV控制应优先于燃料量控制。

为了有效降低火电厂运营成本,提高经济效益,在火电厂各种污染物排放量函数、污染物排放费用函数以及碳捕集装置运行约束的条件下,建立了火电厂节能经济调度的能量可实现模型.通过对模型中非线性约束的线性化处理,将该模型转换为线性整数规划模型,并采用优化软件包对其进行求解.通过机组物理特性及经济运行参数对能量可实现模型进行验证,结果表明该模型正确且有效。

This chapter addresses the early detection and isolation of sensor faults in a systematic and unified way and illustrates the approach on wind turbine simulation data. Three problems are successively considered: individual signal monitoring, fault detection and isolation (FDI) in redundant sensors, and FDI based on analytical redundancy. In all three cases, a specific approach to generate fault indicators, also called residuals, is presented and combined with an online statistical change detection/isolation algorithm. The considered case studies consist of wind turbine generator speed monitoring, as well as FDI in the stator current and voltages of a wind-driven doubly fed induction generator. For the latter problem, the fact that the three-phase signals are balanced allows one to determine a simple signal model from which a multiobserver scheme is designed for residual generation.

A novel intelligent online demand management system is discussed in this chapter for peak load management in low voltage residential distribution networks based on the smart grid concept. The discussed system also regulates the network voltage, balances the power in three phases and coordinates the energy storage within the network. This method uses low cost controllers, with two-way communication interfaces, installed in costumers' premises and at distribution transformers to manage the peak load while maximizing customer satisfaction. A multi-objective decision making process is proposed to select the load(s) to be delayed or controlled. The efficacy of the proposed control system is verified by a MATLAB-based simulation which includes detailed modeling of residential loads and the network.