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密西根湖鲟的修复策略
Substantial population declines since the 1800s led the State of Michigan to list lake sturgeon as a threatened species. The primary causes of the decline of lake sturgeon are insufficient recruitment due to habitat loss and degradation, often caused by dams and poor spawning habitat quality, and excess mortality on adults through fishing. This document provides guidance for the management of lake sturgeon with the goal of eventually rehabilitating this species to the point of removal from the threatened species list and to levels that provide productive and unique fishery opportunities. The primary goals for lake sturgeon are to: (1) conserve populations that are currently self-sustaining; and (2) rehabilitate depressed populations to the point that they are self-sustaining at a higher level of abundance. Currently, there are 24 lake sturgeon populations as distinguished by major watersheds in Michigan waters: two in the Lake Superior drainage, 11 in the Lake Michigan drainage, nine in the Lake Huron drainage, and two in the Lake Erie/Lake St. Clair complex. Of these 24 populations, only five are large in size and three of these are considered to be abundant and stable enough to support harvest fisheries. Among the remaining 19 populations, 12 are below the minimum viable population size (80 adults) and are at high risk of extirpation due to random factors. Four populations are classified as small in size (80200 adults) and are at a high risk of declining to below the minimum viable population size. Three populations are classified as medium in size (200750 adults).
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用于监测地下水和地表水中的高氯酸盐的实验室芯片传感器
Perchlorate is a pervasive water contaminant that has drawn national attention as a public health concern. Although perchlorate contamination has both natural and anthropogenic origins, its recurrent use in military munitions makes perchlorate the highest-priority military pollutant. Currently, perchlorate detection at the critical parts-per-billion level requires large, sophisticated instrumentation in a centralized laboratory. This report describes a fieldable, microchip capillary electrophoresis (MCE) device that is selective for perchlorate and exhibits reduced analysis times and reagent consumption. The device employs contact conductivity detection and zwitterionic surfactant chemistry to selectively resolve perchlorate from abundant environmental species such as chloride, nitrate, and sulfate. The prototype MCE system is capable of detection limits of 3.4 + or - 1.8 ppb in standards and 5.6 + or - 1.7 ppb in drinking water. Additional work modified the microchip geometry and separation chemistry, to account for higher ionic strength sample matrices such as surface and ground water, which cause interferences with perchlorate detection. A novel extraction method, incorporating the fundamentals of electrostatic ion chromatography (EIC), is presented as a way to overcome this challenge. Two extraction formats, employing either a packed bed or a monolith, were also investigated and presented in this work.
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新泽西萨默维尔市新兴喷涂内衬技术产品性能的评价
This report outlines the demonstration of the 3M(Trade Mark)Scotchkote(Trade Mark)spray-in-place pipe (SIPP) 269 product undertaken in Somerville, New Jersey for New Jersey American Water. The product is a polyurea, which has a faster cure time compared to polyurethane and epoxy linings. The field demonstration allowed an evaluation of the main benefits claimed and limitations cited by 3M(Trade Mark)for this emerging spray-on lining technology. The demonstration of the 3M(Trade Mark)Scotchkote(Trade Mark)SIPP 269 product in Somerville, New Jersey ultimately resulted in a liner failure. The liner failure had a positive effect in discovering the product was not robust enough for use in typical in situ water main conditions, leading to its removal from the market. The removal of the product from the market also led the American Water Works Association (AWWA) Polymeric Lining Standards Subcommittee to put its standard development on hold pending the development of a product with a reasonable track record of success. 3M(Trade Mark)is currently developing a new formulation for a semi-structural spray-on lining application.