Smoking is ubiquitous. Cigarettes are one the most popular methods of tobacco consumption across the world compared to hookahs and vaporizers. Cigarettes first gained popularity in the 1880s with the introduction of cigarette-producing machines and the start of the Crimean War. However, in modern times, cigarettes are available in various sizes, flavors, and colors, which attract both existing smokers and potential smokers.

Li-ion batteries have become common in devices such as laptops, smartphones, notebooks, and tablets because of their high energy density and charge and discharge capability.

为研究造纸法再造烟叶各工艺阶段甾醇类化合物的含量变化,利用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪(UPLC-MS/MS)对5种甾醇(麦角甾醇、胆甾醇、菜油甾醇、豆甾醇及β-谷甾醇)进行了测定。结果表明:1烟叶原料中5种甾醇的含量(质量分数)均高于烟梗,且两种烟草原料中的甾醇类化合物均以豆甾醇和β-谷甾醇为主;2在提取和浓缩阶段,甾醇含量均降低,降低量分别占原料中甾醇总量的21.35%和15.13%;3在掺配阶段,低浓浆中甾醇实际增加量占原料中甾醇总量的10.64%;4在打浆和抄造阶段,甾醇含量均降低,降低量分别占原料中甾醇总量的14.06%和14.18%;5其余工艺阶段的甾醇含量变化不大,最终再造烟叶产品中甾醇量占原料中甾醇总量的48.67%。

为探索区分不同产地或不同等级烤烟烟叶的有效方法,利用电子鼻检测了广东、福建、重庆和四川4个产地,C2F、B2F和X2F 3个等级以及不同品种的24个烟叶样品,并对电子鼻采集的数据进行星座图聚类分析。结果表明:电子鼻结合星座图聚类分析方法可以有效区分广东、福建、重庆和四川4个产地16个不同的烟叶样品,4个产地烟叶的综合值依次为:重庆>广东>四川>福建;同时可以有效区分四川产地红花大金元品种3个等级的12个烟叶样品,3个等级烟叶的综合值依次为C2F>B2F>X2F。为人工烟叶分级鉴定提供了一种辅助方法。

为了优选烤烟多糖硫酸化修饰的最佳条件,提高烤烟多糖抗氧化活性,采用超声辅助法提取烟叶多糖,并通过氯磺酸-吡啶法对其进行了硫酸化修饰;通过单因素实验和正交实验,确定了硫酸化反应的最佳工艺条件。采用DPPH(1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼)法和邻二氮菲法进行了抗氧化活性研究。结果表明:1硫酸化反应的最佳工艺条件为氯磺酸与吡啶的体积比l∶6,反应时间3 h,反应温度80℃。在此条件下多糖硫酸酯的硫酸基质量分数为20.03%,取代度为2.587。2烤烟多糖经硫酸化修饰后,其抗氧化活性显著提高。

为了揭示烟草牻牛儿基牻牛儿基焦磷酸合成酶(Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase,GGPPS)基因家族的特征和功能,利用生物信息学方法对烟草GGPPS家族进行了全基因组查找、鉴定及相关分析。在普通烟草中共鉴定出9个成员(大亚基7个、小亚基2个),林烟草、绒毛状烟草中分别鉴定出5个成员(大亚基4个、小亚基1个)。GGPPS的开放阅读框长度为999~1119bp,编码332~372个氨基酸,蛋白质分子量为36.2~40.7kD,等电点为5.41~8.32。大亚基和小亚基基因分别含有1个和2个外显子;大亚基与小亚基均具有DD(XX)1-2D和CXXXC保守性基序,但存在一定的差异。在进化过程中,烟草GGPPS家族可能发生了串联重复复制和片断复制;普通烟草GGPPS家族可能发生了基因丢失,NtabGGPPS1-1和NtabGGPPS1-2较其他成员进化速率快,同时可能受到了净化选择。

为研究卷烟燃烧状态对巴豆醛主流烟气释放量及转移分布的影响,通过改变卷烟纸透气度调控卷烟裂解/蒸馏状态,考察了卷烟样品燃吸时巴豆醛逐口主流烟气释放量、滤嘴截留量、燃烧锥中残留量及其在卷烟不同部位的分布规律。结果表明:①随着抽吸口序的增加,主流烟气中巴豆醛释放量总体上呈上升趋势,但与燃烧锥中巴豆醛残留量无明显相关性;②卷烟逐口燃烧所产生巴豆醛的主流烟气转移率为36%~48%,滤嘴截留率为12%~34%,燃烧锥中残留率为16%~27%,烟丝吸附率低于13%;③卷烟逐口主流烟气中巴豆醛的释放量与卷烟纸透气度无相关性。

为研究卷烟烟气总粒相物(TPM)对人肺腺癌细胞(A549)的氧化损伤,捕集3R4F参比卷烟主流烟气的TPM,对A549细胞进行染毒,采用中性红细胞毒性法测试TPM与A549细胞存活率的剂量-效应关系,检测了细胞内谷胱甘肽(GSH)和细胞外超氧化物歧化酶(EC-SOD)两种氧化应激指标。结果表明:①TPM与A549细胞存活率之间存在良好的剂量-效应关系。②细胞发生氧化应激时,细胞内还原态谷胱甘肽和氧化态谷胱甘肽比值(GSH/GSSG)相对于阴性对照组有显著降低,且不随染毒时间的增加而变化;EC-SOD在染毒4h后没有显著增加,但24h后有显著增加。

In 2009, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act granted FDA, an agency within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), authority to regulate tobacco products such as cigarettes. The act requires that tobacco manufacturers submit information to be reviewed by FDA in order to market new tobacco products and established tobacco user fees to fund FDA's tobacco-related activities. The act represents the first time that FDA has had the authority to regulate tobacco products. Manufacturers have raised concerns about the progress of CTP, the FDA center established by the act to implement its provisions. GAO was asked to examine CTP's review of new tobacco product submissions, responses to meeting requests, and use of funds. This report examines (1) the status of CTP's reviews of new tobacco product submissions; (2) how CTP responded to manufacturers' and other entities' meeting requests, and the length of time CTP took to hold the meetings; and (3) the extent to which FDA has spent its tobacco user fee funds. GAO analyzed data regarding submissions received by FDA as of January 7, 2013; reviewed data on meeting requests, spending plans, and amounts obligated; and interviewed CTP and tobacco industry officials.