Electric motor is a machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy through the interaction of magnetic field with current. The motor mainly consists of two parts: a rotor and a stator. The motors can be categorized into direct current (DC) motor and alternating current (AC) motor based on the type of current used by the motor. AC motors are classified into synchronous or asynchronous, and DC motors are classified into brushed and brushless.

Driving simulators, also called as sims, are a class of HMIs, which are used to imitate the exact or near-exact conditions prevalent while driving a vehicle, with respect to the driver's perspective, motion and physics perspective, as well as the vehicle interior and exterior perspective.

NFC is a wireless communication technology that enables data transfer between devices within a distance of 4-10 cm. One of the most popular NFC-enabled devices is the smartphone, which can communicate with another NFC-enabled device at a proximity of 4 cm. The technology also does not require internet or telecom networks for communication, and hence it is unlikely to bear a subscription cost and possibility of a malfunction due to poor or loss of connectivity. The most popular NFC-based connectivity application is the transaction through contactless payment cards (debit and credit cards that have NFC chips embedded in them).

This software is responsible for all interactions between application software and hardware. It provides the basic functionalities of a computer system. It is again divided into operating system and device drivers. The operating system is the heart of any system as it facilitates the interaction of hardware and other software. The device driver is a middleware through which the operating system recognizes any hardware or device.

High-pressure fuel pumps are mostly used in direct injection vehicles. In gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, the air-fuel mixture is directly formed in the combustion chamber. The high-pressure fuel pump injects the fuel and incoming air into the combustion chamber. GDI engines operate at a high pressure of up to 350 bar. This would require a high-pressure fuel pump to ensure that the fuel is injected into the combustion chamber at the required pressure.

The global four-wheeler industry is two-pronged: one segment includes passenger cars considered for personal use, and the other segment includes commercial vehicles. These segments operate under varying market dynamics with different customer behavior and value chains. The passenger cars segment is seeing steady growth owing to growing preference for personal use vehicles among families and individuals worldwide. The commercial vehicle segment is seeing healthy growth rates and high volumes contributed by countries such as the US and China. The key reasons for such growth are the higher load-bearing capacity and comfort of these vehicles. The global four-wheeler industry is highly capital-intensive and is likely to see many technological innovations over the forecast period. We expect the global four-wheeler market to grow at a CAGR of 3.68% during the forecast period.

The global four-wheeler industry comprises of passenger cars for personal use and vehicles that are used for commercial use. These segments operate under varied market dynamics with different customer behaviors and value chains. The passenger cars segment is growing steadily due to the rising population worldwide, particularly those belonging to the middle-income group in the emerging countries. The commercial vehicles segment is also seeing healthy growth rates with countries like the US and China contributing high volume sales. The key reasons for such growth are the higher loaHd-bearing capacity and comfort of these vehicles.

The global four-wheelers industry has two segments: passenger cars and commercial vehicles segments. Passenger cars are used for personal transportation, while commercial vehicles are used for commercial purposes. Both these segments have contrasting market dynamics and a different customer behavior and value chain. The passenger cars segment is experiencing steady growth because of the growing preference for personal vehicles globally. The commercial vehicle segment is witnessing high volume growth, contributed by countries such as the US and China. This growth can be attributed to the high load barring capacity and comfort offered by these vehicles. The global four-wheelers industry is highly capital-intensive in nature and is poised with many technological innovations. We expect the global four-wheelers market to grow at a CAGR of 3.68% during the forecast period.

An automotive dynamic steering system is an advanced system that alters or modifies the characteristics of steering system to adapt to the present vehicle speed and onroad conditions. The advanced steering response or control system aids in better handling by providing adequate feedback of the road and adjusting itself as per the road conditions. The system helps the driver to have a better and improved control over the vehicle moving at different speeds and therefore, makes the drivability more interactive in nature.

Transmission forms a key function of powertrains in vehicles. A vehicle's transmission is a type of gearbox that directs the power generated from an internal combustion engine to the wheel axle. Typically, an automotive transmission system includes the entire drivetrain, which comprises components such as a gearbox, clutch, prop shaft, drive shafts, and differentials.

Baby car seats are baby-convenient products that are mainly used during traveling in cars. They have foam padding, fabric covers, and a harness, and are used to protect a baby’s head from jerking forward during sudden braking or accidents. These products are available in different varieties depending on the weight and age of the babies. The products are not supposed to be used for more than six years and required to be periodically examined by manufacturers. Higher concern regarding child safety and the growing preference for convenience while traveling is primarily driving the market.

A diesel engine is an internal combustion engine (ICE) in which air is compressed inside the cylinder to ignite the fuel. Two main types of diesel engines are available in the market. They are two-stroke and four-stroke engines.

Modern vehicles are equipped with intelligent personal assistant systems to assess the vehicles' condition, avert potential hazards during driving, alert drivers proactively in the case of imminent dangers, estimate drivers' workload and driving patterns, and perform various other tasks. Automotive personal assistant systems perform these tasks based on inputs from multiple electronic components and associated systems deployed in the vehicles.

An automotive retractable roof top (ARRT) is defined as a convertible roof system, wherein the vehicle's roof can either be folded in step or part, resulting in vehicles with open roof tops. The retractable hard top of the vehicle can either be operated manually or electronically, which makes the car known as a convertible in the automotive industry. The automotive roof designs vary between each automaker, wherein the manufacturers use a different kind of material for making the convertible roofs.

The automotive industry is driven by the changing consumer needs, due to the increasing purchasing power in the economy and government regulations on vehicular emissions. The stringent regulations on emission due to the rising pollution levels force automakers to develop smart and energy-efficient cars. To increase output efficiency and limit vehicular emissions without affecting the engine size, engine output, and the total cost of manufacturing, vehicles are equipped with powerful and compact engines that require cheap but advance components like dual VVTs. Dual VVT increases the efficiency of the engine by varying the lift of variable valves during each intake and exhaust valves simultaneously to adjust the amount of air in the air-fuel mixture going in and coming out of the combustion chamber. The dual system limits vehicular emissions by increasing the efficiency of combustion.

The automotive industry is one of the most competitive industries in the world. Though the industry witnessed a decline in demand during the global economic crisis of 2008- 2009, it has shown positive growth in recent years primarily because of the demand from developing nations. With the automotive industry gradually moving toward standardization and globalization, large automotive companies have shifted their production bases from developed to developing regions. This along with the rise in demand for high performance has led to the increased production of vehicles with high engine power.

Paint finish, especially in a discerning industry as the automotive space, is a critical element of vehicle production. The slightest of blemishes in the finish of a paint job can get a vehicle rejected by manufacturers. Manufacturers have a requirement for high accuracy and precision in the surface coatings that can be achieved through modern painting processes. This is due to the high number of customer rejections of cars with poor paint jobs. Bare-metal gets painted only in factories, thus eliminating the complexities in the painting process that is later executed at body shops. Hence, manufacturers and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) have clear and strict mandates for a flawless factory paint finish.