Maritime security refers to securing marine ports, vessels, and facilities.

Hydropower is electricity that is derived from the kinetic energy of flowing water. It is an efficient source of renewable energy. In 2014, the global hydropower electricity generation was 3,982 TW. The total installed hydropower capacity is estimated to increase from 1,056 GW in 2014 to 1,446 GW by 2019.

水体富营养化的形成与沉积物中氮素的“源-汇”关系密切，本研究选取三峡典型支流澎溪河消落带上、中、下这3个水文断面，160M和170M两个水位高程，0~20、20~40、40~60、60~80、80~100cm共5个深度的沉积物样品，通过研究其总可转化态氮（TF-N）与各形态可转化态氮含量及分布特征，旨在揭示周期性水位变化对消落带沉积物氮释放的影响。结果表明，澎溪河消落带沉积物总氮含量在313.02~3255.53mg﹒kg-1之间，空间分布上呈上站位（渠口）>中站位（高阳）>下站位（双江）的趋势；总可转化态氮含量范围为288.54~1123.27 mg﹒kg-1，均值为639.40 mg﹒kg-1，空间分布趋势与总氮一致；TF-N中各形态氮的大小顺序为：OSF-N（有机态和硫化物结合态）>IMOF-N（铁锰结合态）>CF-N（碳酸盐结合态）>IEF-N（离子交换态）。沉积物中TF-N主要以OSF-N（50.9%）和IMOF-N(33.3%)形态存在。OSF-N很难释放，不易参与氮循环。IMOF-N受水文条件影响显著，表现为在低水位高程和下采样站位沉积物中含量更低。淹水胁迫、水体富营养化等情况下氧含量较低，相对还原条件下有利于其向水体释放。而TF-N及其形态分布在垂直深度上无显著差异。可见，三峡库区特殊调蓄水制度加速了澎溪河下流、低水位高程消落带沉积物中IMOF-N向水体的释放。

首次应用16S rRNA基因-Ⅰllumina Miseq高通量测序技术对甬江流域宁波三江口区域的表层水体原核生物群落进行了分析，共获得215504条高质量序列。多样性指数分析表明，该流域的水体原核生物群落具有较高的遗传多样性和丰富度。菌群分类分析发现，β-变形菌纲（β-Proteobacterium）、放线菌门（Actinibacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）是主要的优势菌群，其相对丰度占总群落的78.88%。对比不同站位的原核生物群落，发现水文环境可能是影响三江口水域原核生物群落组成和结构的重要因素之一。与以往报道对比分析表明，甬江流域分布有多种污水和粪便污染指示菌，其中余姚江污染指示菌的丰度最高，说明其受污染的风险可能较高。病原菌BLASTN分析表明，在种和亚种水平上，分别检出76和18种潜在病原菌，占序列总量的2.19%和0.40%。本研究为系统认识甬江流域原核生物群落结构及生态功能提供了重要基础数据。

本研究采用区域氮循环模型IAP-N估算了2011年安徽省县级共计7种农用地类型的N2O排放，估算所需的统计数据来源于安徽省各市统计年鉴，排放因子来源于已发表文献中的观测数据。结果表明，2011年安徽省农用地N2O总排放量（以N2O-N计）为3.51万t。其中，直接排放2.76万t，间接排放0.66万t，田间秸秆燃烧排放0.08万t。淮北平原（Ⅰ区）和沿江圩丘（Ⅱ区）是安徽农用地N2O主要排放区，对农用地N2O总排放的贡献分别为41%和35%。单纯旱作农田是各区最主要的直接排放源，约占直接排放的74%。Ⅱ区和Ⅲ区水旱轮作中的旱作地N2O排放居第二位（分别占Ⅱ区和Ⅲ区直接排放的19%和14%），Ⅳ区的果园茶园N2O直接排放居第二位（占Ⅳ区直接排放的22%）。间接排放源中由大气氮沉降引起的N2O排放占三分之二。该研究结果可为决策者合理利用肥料，制定安徽省农业土壤温室气体减排措施提供科学依据。

利用已经启动成功并达到稳定脱氮效能的部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化一体化反应器，研究碱性印制电路板（PCB）废水自养生物脱氮的可行性及运行特性。结果表明，将进水NH4+-N浓度维持在220mg﹒L-1时，经过80d的运行，一体化反应器出水NH4+-N、NO2—N浓度降低并稳定在4.0 mg﹒L-1和9.8 mg﹒L-1左右，脱氮效能最高达到1.29kg﹒(m3﹒d)-1。同时出水总氮小于50 mg﹒L-1，满足接管排放标准。一体化反应器内好氧区NO2—N产生速率最高为2.05 kg﹒(m3﹒d)-1，厌氧区的厌氧氨氧化菌最高脱氮效能为2.91 kg﹒(m3﹒d)-1，说明各功能菌在相应区域得到稳定地增长。一体化反应器适用于无机含氨的碱性PCB废液自养生物脱氮处理。

On February 18, 2014, President Obama directed the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to develop a second round of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and fuel economy standards for medium- and heavy-duty trucks. The standards, which will affect trucks beginning with the 2019 model year, are to be proposed by March 2015 and finalized a year later. The standards will be the fourth set of GHG emission standards for mobile sources.

Focusing on the U.S. sulfur dioxide (SO2) allowance market from its inception (in 1994) to 2009, we model allowance prices to determine the influence of market fundamentals such as prices of high- and low-sulfur coalon allowance price level and volatility. Our empirical analysis finds that the SO2 market, similar to other emission markets studied in the literature, had relatively weak influence of market fundamentals for several years after launch that is, allowance prices did not reflect marginal abatement costs for the first several years of operation. However, we find evidence of increased influence of market fundamentals after the first few years of the program but before a court decision that introduced significant uncertainty into the market in mid-2008. We also find that market volatility increased in response to all types of communications from the administrator, suggesting that the development of a formal communication strategy, possibly similar to the strategy used by central banks, would reduce price volatility and increase the efficiency of the market.

The Toxics Release Inventory was the first major initiative to take a disclosure-based approach to environmental regulation and has served as the model for several other disclosure-based environmental policies. Yet the magnitude of its direct impacts on industrial manufacturing outcomes has not been established. I use Census Bureau micro-data to estimate the impacts of the Toxics Release Inventory on the opening of new manufacturing plants. I find that on average, counties that were found to be among the dirtiest in the country, in terms of toxic emissions, experienced a decrease in dirty plant births and an even larger increase in clean plant births. Furthermore, the magnitude of this shift is closely related to per capita income in the affected counties-the effect is strongest in high-income communities and is reversed in low-income communities.

This article selects GanSu Province, the weak ecological environment, as the research object.In accordance with the documents research and mathematical statistics, and the "bottom-up" study method., we made an research on energy consumption and the CO2 emission of GanSu province from the tourism travel , tourism accommodation, and tourism activities, respectively.From the result, GanSu's tourism with low-carbon and energy-saving characteristics, accounting for 0.45％ energy consumptions and 0.86％ CO2 emission in that of the GanSu's tourism.It shows that tourism fits in with the requirements of low-carbon tourism development.However, one of the most important factor in the tourism energy consumption and the CO2 emission is the tourism transportation, accounting for 68.83％ energy consumptions and 65.96％ CO2 emission in that of tourism respectively, which should be focus on as the key link in low-carbon tourism development.